When we talk about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Thai, many people understand it as a condition that only affects children. However, it can also be found in adults. This condition is related to the frontal part of the brain, which is responsible for controlling attention and effective behavior. When this part of the brain doesn't function properly, it can lead to difficulties in planning, problem-solving, and time management, affecting various aspects of life. Today, let's explore what ADHD is, its causes, and who it can affect.
Getting to know ADHD
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a type of brain disorder characterized by an imbalance in the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine in the frontal part of the brain, responsible for controlling attention and organizing tasks. This imbalance makes it difficult for individuals to focus on any one thing for an extended period, leading to problems with concentration and task organization. ADHD can be diagnosed in children as young as 4-5 years old and is prevalent in up to 5% of school-age children. However, it can also be found in adults.
The common impacts of ADHD, whether in children or adults, include difficulty sustaining attention, problems adapting to social situations, inability to complete tasks on time, and behavioral issues like impulsivity and irritability. ADHD can be divided into two main symptom groups:
· Inattention: This group exhibits problems with learning and working.
· Hyperactivity/Impulsivity: This group shows behavioral issues, such as restlessness and impulsiveness.
In both child and adult populations, if ADHD is not diagnosed and treated early, it can affect other aspects of development, including relationships within the family and performance in school or work. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for improving the quality of life for individuals with ADHD.
Causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
The main cause of ADHD is an imbalance in brain chemicals, as mentioned earlier. This imbalance is influenced significantly by genetics. However, environmental factors can also play a role in either exacerbating or mitigating the symptoms of the disorder. These environmental factors include maternal nutrition during pregnancy, exposure to alcohol, smoking, or certain toxins like lead. If a mother experiences these during pregnancy, there is an increased risk of the child developing ADHD. Additionally, ADHD can result from abnormal brain development occurring either before birth or during childhood due to traumatic brain injury or concussion.
Another condition often misunderstood as ADHD is Pseudo-ADHD. Although it exhibits similar symptoms, the causes are different. Pseudo-ADHD is a condition that arises from upbringing, behavior, developmental factors, and the environment. In the modern age, electronic devices are omnipresent, and their excessive use can lead to a lack of discipline. This, in turn, can affect communication skills, emotional control, and social skills, leading to behaviors resembling ADHD. Pseudo-ADHD is typically characterized by slower development than normal, impatience, lack of discipline, emotional dysregulation, communication deficits, and social skills deficits.
Why does ADHD occur more frequently in children than in adults?
ADHD typically begins in childhood and continues into adulthood because its primary causes are genetic and involve various factors during pregnancy. Adults with ADHD may exhibit less pronounced symptoms compared to children. Symptoms related to hyperactivity and impulsivity may decrease with age, but if left untreated, the condition can still impact social interactions in adulthood.
Warning signs of ADHD in children:
- Difficulty completing assigned tasks
- Inability to concentrate while working or playing
- Often not paying attention when spoken to
- Short attention span, difficulty retaining details, and frequent mistakes
- Lack of organization
- Avoidance of tasks requiring attention or thought
- Restlessness and fidgeting
- Forgetfulness and frequent loss of items
- Difficulty remaining seated and a tendency to move around
- Noisy and disruptive behavior
- Easily startled or agitated
- Interrupting others frequently or talking excessivelyTop of Form
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Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults:
· Easily Distracted: Adults with ADHD often find it easy to become distracted and may have difficulty retaining details from conversations.
· Procrastination: Frequently delaying tasks and expressing intentions to complete them later, even when they are important and require immediate attention.
· Poor Time Management: Adults with ADHD may have trouble planning and effectively managing their time.
· Frequent Mistakes: They may make frequent errors in their work.
· Misplacing Items: Individuals with ADHD often misplace items and may have difficulty finding them.
· Chronic Lateness: Consistently being late for appointments and commitments is common.
· Mood Swings: Quick shifts in mood, including easy irritability and rapid recovery, can be observed.
· Hyperactivity: Although hyperactivity may decrease with age, some adults still experience restlessness and impulsiveness.
· Boredom: They can become easily bored and may not enjoy activities that require prolonged attention.
· Interpersonal Issues: Difficulties in relationships and social interactions can arise due to impulsivity and inattention.
· Stress and Emotional Challenges: Some individuals with ADHD may experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.
· Forgetfulness: Forgetfulness and absent-mindedness are common, leading to missed appointments or tasks.
· Difficulty with Concentration: Problems sustaining attention and a tendency to daydream or become easily distracted.
· Thrill-Seeking: A tendency to seek novelty and excitement in life, which can sometimes lead to risky behaviors.
· Talkativeness: Some individuals may talk excessively and may have difficulty controlling the volume and pace of their speech.
· Risk-Taking: Engaging in risky activities, such as fast driving or impulsive decisions, is not uncommon.
· Job Instability: Starting new projects or jobs without completing previous ones can lead to job instability.
Diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms:
• Diagnosing Symptoms in Children:
Specialized healthcare professionals, such as child and adolescent psychiatrists and developmental pediatricians, are typically responsible for assessing ADHD symptoms in children. They evaluate problems in various domains and may rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as neurological disorders or anxiety. Diagnosis can often be made through interviews with parents or caregivers without the need for blood tests or brain scans. Additional assessments or intelligence testing by clinical psychologists may be considered by the physician on a case-by-case basis.
• Diagnosing Symptoms in Adults:
Physicians start by taking a patient's medical history and may perform a physical examination to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. They may also inquire about the family's medical history. The diagnostic process for adults is similar to that for children.
To determine if an individual has ADHD, the physician compares the observed symptoms to a list of criteria. A diagnosis of ADHD is typically considered when there are six or more symptoms in the inattention category and/or five or more symptoms in the hyperactivity/impulsivity category for adults.
Treating ADHD aims to improve symptoms and manage behaviors that may interfere with daily life. It's important to note that ADHD cannot be completely cured, but effective treatment can help individuals lead more fulfilling lives. Individuals who have ADHD as children are at risk of experiencing symptoms in adulthood as well, making ongoing management crucial. The most effective treatment often involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy.
• Treatment with Medication: This approach helps individuals with ADHD improve their attention span, focus, and impulse control. It can also reduce hyperactivity and make it easier to engage in social activities. In Thailand, medications typically used include Methylphenidate, which stimulates the central nervous system. However, if an individual experiences side effects from such stimulant medications, Atomoxetine may be prescribed. Atomoxetine is a non-stimulant medication.
• Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapy, often conducted by clinical psychologists, involves ongoing efforts to help individuals with ADHD develop self-control and better manage various aspects of their lives. This includes teaching skills for functioning well in social settings, emotional regulation, task organization, and developing the ability to recognize and understand the emotions of others. Consistent and continuous practice is essential to help individuals with ADHD control their behavior and lead productive and happy lives.
How to prevent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Preventing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) involves addressing factors that are within your control, even though the primary cause of ADHD is often genetic and cannot be prevented. Here are some steps that can help reduce the risk of developing ADHD:
• During Pregnancy:
o Avoid Smoking: Pregnant women should avoid smoking as it's linked to an increased risk of ADHD in children.
o Limit Alcohol: Abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy is essential to reduce the risk of developmental issues in the child.
o Avoid Substance Abuse: Refrain from using any illicit drugs or substances during pregnancy, as they can adversely affect fetal development.
• Avoid Harmful Chemicals: Steer clear of environments with toxic substances or pollutants, such as lead, which can have negative effects on a child's development. This caution should extend throughout pregnancy and childhood.
• Creating a Nurturing Environment:
o Discipline and Routine: Establishing discipline and routines can help children develop self-control and organization skills.
o Communication: Encourage open and healthy communication with your child from an early age. Engaging in conversations, reading books together, and participating in activities can support their development.
Knowing these factors and staying informed about the nature of ADHD can be the first step in helping individuals, especially children, thrive and lead fulfilling lives. If you suspect that someone close to you is exhibiting symptoms of ADHD, it's essential to seek professional advice and support. Understanding the condition and getting proper guidance can significantly contribute to a smoother and happier life for those affected by ADHD. For Krungthai-AXA life insurance customers interested in health care, you can read more health articles at https://www.krungthai-axa.co.th/th/health-advisories
References
· Manarom Hospital
· Bumrungrad International Hospital
· Sikarin Hospital
· Medpark Hospital
