Monkeypox, now officially named Mpox by the World Health Organization, is a zoonotic disease that can spread from animals to humans. This contagious disease has been a growing concern worldwide. According to the latest data from the Thai Red Cross Society, from July 2022 to August 23, 2023, there have been 829 confirmed cases, with 808 (97.47%) being male and 21 (2.53%) being female. It’s crucial to understand this emerging threat. Learn about the origins, symptoms, and preventive measures against Monkeypox in Thailand.
What is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus, the same family of viruses that cause smallpox and cowpox. There are two main clades: the Central African clade (Clade 1) and the West African clade (Clade 2). While Clade 2 was predominant in the 2023 outbreak, a new variant, Clade 1B, has emerged in 2024 and is more transmissible. This variant has led to increased cases, especially among children, with up to 70% of patients being juveniles. The virus primarily affects the skin, causing a rash similar to chickenpox, and can also lead to symptoms like diarrhea and sore throat. Although more severe than Clade 2, Monkeypox is generally not fatal, with a mortality rate of 1-10%.
How is Monkeypox Transmitted?
Monkeypox can spread through contact with infected animals, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets from an infected person. It's crucial to practice good hygiene, avoid crowded places, eat cooked food, wear masks, and monitor for symptoms, especially if traveling to high-risk areas.
The Origin of Monkeypox
The Monkeypox virus was first discovered in a laboratory in Denmark in 1958. The first human case was reported in the Republic of Congo in 1970. Since then, outbreaks have occurred in several Central and West African countries. In 2022, there was a significant global outbreak of Monkeypox.
Understanding Monkeypox Symptoms
The symptoms of monkeypox closely resemble those of smallpox, with a key distinguishing feature being the swelling of lymph nodes, commonly occurring in the neck, armpits, and groin areas. Additional symptoms may include fever, fatigue, chills, sweating, backache, headache, sore throat, and cough. These symptoms generally manifest within two days following exposure to the virus.
A few days after the onset of fever, a rash appears, typically beginning on the face and spreading to the arms, legs, hands, feet, and torso. This rash progresses in stages, starting as flat red spots, evolving into raised bumps filled with clear fluid, then pus, and finally forming scabs.
How Monkeypox Spreads
- From Animals: Direct contact with infected animal blood, pus, or wounds, or consuming undercooked meat.
- From Humans: Through respiratory droplets, contact with sores, or contaminated objects like clothing and utensils. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and through close physical contact.
Monkeypox vs. Smallpox
While both diseases are caused by Orthopoxviruses, Smallpox is exclusively human, while Monkeypox can be transmitted from animals. Smallpox is more severe, with a higher risk of death compared to Monkeypox, which typically presents milder symptoms.
Animals to Be Cautious of as Potential Carriers
Data from multiple sources has yet to confirm a definitive primary animal carrier. However, primates and rodents—such as monkeys, orangutans, wild rats, squirrels, and rabbits—are considered potential carriers. These animals may harbor the virus within their bodies, potentially transmitting it when humans come into contact with their bodily fluids. Furthermore, individuals who consume wild animals or handle animal carcasses are also at an increased risk of contracting monkeypox.
Can Monkeypox be Transmitted Sexually?
While not definitively proven, sexual contact, especially among men who have sex with men, has been linked to several cases. However, Monkeypox can affect people of any gender or sexual orientation.
Diagnosis of Monkeypox
The diagnosis of Monkeypox is made based on the presence of symptoms. If a patient presents with fever and vesicular lesions, the diagnosis of Monkeypox is highly probable. Laboratory tests are then conducted, including genetic testing (PCR) of saliva, fluid, or pus from the lesions, as well as nucleotide sequencing techniques to identify specific genes associated with the Monkeypox virus. The physician will continue to monitor the patient's condition.
Treatment of Monkeypox
Monkeypox typically resolves on its own within 2-4 weeks without the need for specific treatment. Medical care is focused on symptom management, including preventing dehydration and addressing secondary bacterial infections with antibiotics when necessary. Patients should also take care to prevent further skin irritation by refraining from scratching or picking at the lesions and maintaining proper hygiene to avoid moisture buildup.
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for Monkeypox. However, antiviral medications such as Tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be considered in severe cases or for individuals at high risk of complications. Additionally, smallpox vaccination may be used as a preventive measure in certain situations.
Precautionary Measures
Currently, there is no specific vaccine for Monkeypox, but the Smallpox vaccine can offer up to 85% protection. For high-risk individuals, such as healthcare workers or those in close contact with infected persons, vaccination and other preventive measures are recommended. Other safety practices include:
· Avoid contact with infected individuals or animals.
· Wear masks in high-risk areas.
· Wash hands frequently.
· Consume thoroughly cooked food and avoid wild game.
· Avoid sharing items that may have been contaminated.
Monkeypox symptoms may be less severe but still require vigilance. Staying informed and following preventive guidelines can help mitigate the risk of infection. For more health insights, visit Krungthai-AXA Life Insurance's health articles at https://www.krungthai-axa.co.th/th/health-advisories
References:
· Sukumvit Hospital
· Sikarin Hospital
· Cleveland Clinic
· Center for Disease Control and Prevention
· Thainakarin Hospital
· Pobpad
https://bit.ly/3RVeWQ1
· Bangpakok Samutprakan Hospital
https://bit.ly/3MPYtdX
· Thai PBS
https://bit.ly/47bzkn4
· Hfocus.org
https://bit.ly/3X8HRCU
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